Z-banding shows up as periodic horizontal lines or bands on otherwise smooth vertical surfaces, repeating at regular intervals. It is caused by inconsistencies in the Z-axis movement, typically from lead screw issues.
Bent or misaligned lead screw causing periodic wobble
Lead screw coupler loose or misaligned
Z-axis stepper driver voltage inconsistency
Bed/gantry not perpendicular to Z axis
Inconsistent Z-step microstepping
Lead screw nut backlash or binding
Check lead screw for straightness — roll on flat surface to check bend
Replace lead screw if bent (common on cheap printers)
Use flexible couplers to allow slight misalignment
Ensure lead screw nut is properly lubricated (PTFE dry lube or light grease)
Check that lead screw is free to float at top (not over-constrained)
Level and square your printer frame
Check and adjust Z-axis eccentric nuts on linear rails
Z-axis Motor Current
adequate but not excessive
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